Shopping on line can be easy, simple and save you lots of money. It can also take a lot of your time, frustrate you, and result in unwanted purchases. Now the same can be said for regular high street shopping, but with the vast opportunity presented by the Internet it will pay you to spend a few minutes reading this and understanding how to better optimize your Toluene shopping experience:
1. Compare - without doubt the biggest advantage that the Toluene offers shoppers today is the ability to compare thousands of Toluene at a time. This is a great thing, but not necessarily all the time! Too much can be daunting at times so take advantage of the great comparison sites and where possible let them do the hard work for you.
2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about
3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a Toluene? Wrong! If the Toluene is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.
4. Questions - Got a question about Toluene then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....
5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling Toluene? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about Toluene and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.
6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your Toluene wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.
7. Feedback - happy with your Toluene then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.
8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the Toluene site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site
9. Contact - got a question about Toluene, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.
10. Payment - ready to pay for your Toluene, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.
{{Chembox new| Name = Toluene| ImageFile = Toluene_chemical_structure.png| ImageFile1 = toluene-potential-upside-down.png| OtherNames = toluenephenylmethanetoluolmethylbenzene| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers| SMILES = Cc1ccccc1| CASNo = 108-88-3| RTECS = XS5250000 -->
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties| Formula = C7H8| MolarMass = 92.14 g/mol| Appearance = Clear colorless, liquid| Density = 0.8669 g/mL, liquid| Solubility = 0.053 g/100 mL (20-25°C)| MeltingPt = −93 °C| BoilingPt = 110.6 °C| Viscosity = 0.590 cPoise at 20°C -->
| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure| Dipole = 0.36
Debye -->
| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards| ExternalMSDS = ScienceLab.com| MainHazards = highly flammable| NFPA-H = 2| NFPA-F = 3| NFPA-R =| FlashPt = 4 °C/ 39.2 °F| RPhrases = , , , , , | SPhrases = , , , , -->
| Section8 = {{Chembox Related| Function = aromatic hydrocarbon[xylene
naphthalene-->-->Toluene, also known as methylbenzene or phenylmethane, is a clear, [Water (molecule)-insoluble liquid with the typical smell of
paint thinners, redolent of the sweet smell of the related compound benzene. It is an aromatic hydrocarbon that is widely used as an industrial
feedstock and as a solvent.
History
The name
toluene was derived from the older name
toluol that refers to
tolu balsam, an aromatic extract from the tropical Colombian tree
Myroxylon balsamum, from which it was first isolated. It was originally named by Jöns Jakob Berzelius.
Chemical properties
Toluene reacts as a normal aromatic hydrocarbon towards electrophilic aromatic substitution.B. S. Furnell et al.,
Vogel's Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry, 5th edition, Longman/Wiley, New York, 1989L. G. Wade,
Organic Chemistry, 5th ed., p. 871, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle RIver, New Jersey, 2003J. March,
Advanced Organic Chemistry, 4th ed., p. 723, Wiley, New York, 1992 The methyl group makes it around 25 times more reactive than
benzene in such reactions. It undergoes smooth sulfonation to give
P-Toluenesulfonic acid, and chlorination by
chlorine in the presence of
iron(III) chloride to give ortho and para
isomers of
chlorotoluene. It undergoes
nitration to give ortho and para
nitrotoluene isomers, but if heated it can give
dinitrotoluene and ultimately the explosive
trinitrotoluene (TNT).
With other reagents the methyl
side chain in toluene may react, undergoing oxidation. Reaction with
potassium permanganate leads to benzoic acid, whereas reaction with
chromyl chloride leads to benzaldehyde (
Étard reaction).
Halogenation can be performed under
free radical conditions. For example,
N-Bromosuccinimide (NBS) heated with toluene in the presence of AIBN leads to benzyl bromide.
Catalytic hydrogenation of toluene to methylcyclohexane requires a high pressure of
hydrogen to go to completion, because of the stability of the aromatic system.pka is approximately 45.
Preparation
Toluene occurs naturally at low levels in
crude oil and is usually produced in the processes of making gasoline via a catalytic reforming, in an ethylene cracking (chemistry) or making coke (fuel) from
coal. Final separation (either via
distillation or solvent extraction) takes place in a BTX plant.
Uses
Toluene is a common
solvent, able to dissolve: paints, paint thinners, many chemical reactants, rubber,
printing ink,
adhesives (glues),
lacquers, leather tanning, and
disinfectants. It can also be used as a
fullerene indicator, and is a raw material for Isocyanate (used in the manufacture of
polyurethane foam) and
trinitrotoluene. Industrial uses of toluene include dealkylation to benzene and disproportionation to a mixture of benzene and xylene. When oxidized it yields benzaldehyde and benzoic acid, two important intermediates in chemistry. It is also used as a carbon source for making Multi-Wall
Carbon Nanotubes. Toluene can be used to break open
red blood cells in order to extract hemoglobin in biochemistry experiments.
Toluene can be used as an
octane rating in
gasoline fuels used in internal combustion engines. Toluene at 84% by volume, fueled all the turbo Formula 1 teams in the 1980s.
Toxicology and metabolism
Inhalation of toluene fumes can be intoxicating, but in larger doses nausea-inducing. Toluene may enter the human system not only through vapour inhalation from the liquid evaporation, but also following
soil contamination events, where human contact with soil, ingestion of contaminated groundwater or soil vapour off-gassing can occur.
The toxicity of toluene can be explained mostly by its metabolism. As toluene has very low water solubility, it cannot exit the body via the normal routes (urine, feces, or sweat). It must be metabolized in order to be excreted. The methyl group of toluene is more easily oxidized by
cytochrome P450 than the benzene ring. Therefore, in the metabolism of toluene, 95% is oxidized to become
benzyl alcohol. The toxic metabolites are created by the remaining 5% that are oxidized to
benzaldehyde and
cresols. Most of the reactive products are detoxificationified by conjugation to glutathione but the remainder may severely damage cells.
Toluene is mainly excreted as benzoic acid and hippuric acid, both formed by further metabolic oxidation of benzyl alcohol.
See also
References
External links
- External solubility data
- Computational Chemistry Wiki
{{Chembox new| Name = Toluene| ImageFile = Toluene_chemical_structure.png| ImageFile1 = toluene-potential-upside-down.png| OtherNames = toluenephenylmethanetoluolmethylbenzene| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers| SMILES = Cc1ccccc1| CASNo = 108-88-3| RTECS = XS5250000 -->
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties| Formula = C7H8| MolarMass = 92.14 g/mol| Appearance = Clear colorless, liquid| Density = 0.8669 g/mL, liquid| Solubility = 0.053 g/100 mL (20-25°C)| MeltingPt = −93 °C| BoilingPt = 110.6 °C| Viscosity = 0.590 c
Poise at 20°C -->
| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure| Dipole = 0.36
Debye -->
| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards| ExternalMSDS = ScienceLab.com| MainHazards = highly flammable| NFPA-H = 2| NFPA-F = 3| NFPA-R =| FlashPt = 4 °C/ 39.2 °F| RPhrases = , , , , , | SPhrases = , , , , -->
| Section8 = {{Chembox Related| Function =
aromatic hydrocarbon[xylenenaphthalene-->-->
Toluene, also known as
methylbenzene or
phenylmethane, is a clear, [Water (molecule)-insoluble liquid with the typical smell of
paint thinners, redolent of the sweet smell of the related compound benzene. It is an aromatic hydrocarbon that is widely used as an industrial feedstock and as a solvent.
History
The name
toluene was derived from the older name
toluol that refers to
tolu balsam, an aromatic extract from the tropical Colombian tree
Myroxylon balsamum, from which it was first isolated. It was originally named by Jöns Jakob Berzelius.
Chemical properties
Toluene reacts as a normal aromatic hydrocarbon towards electrophilic aromatic substitution.B. S. Furnell et al.,
Vogel's Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry, 5th edition, Longman/Wiley, New York, 1989L. G. Wade,
Organic Chemistry, 5th ed., p. 871, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle RIver, New Jersey, 2003J. March,
Advanced Organic Chemistry, 4th ed., p. 723, Wiley, New York, 1992 The
methyl group makes it around 25 times more reactive than
benzene in such reactions. It undergoes smooth sulfonation to give
P-Toluenesulfonic acid, and chlorination by chlorine in the presence of iron(III) chloride to give ortho and para
isomers of
chlorotoluene. It undergoes nitration to give ortho and para nitrotoluene isomers, but if heated it can give dinitrotoluene and ultimately the explosive trinitrotoluene (TNT).
With other reagents the methyl
side chain in toluene may react, undergoing oxidation. Reaction with
potassium permanganate leads to benzoic acid, whereas reaction with chromyl chloride leads to
benzaldehyde (
Étard reaction).
Halogenation can be performed under
free radical conditions. For example,
N-Bromosuccinimide (NBS) heated with toluene in the presence of AIBN leads to benzyl bromide.
Catalytic hydrogenation of toluene to methylcyclohexane requires a high pressure of hydrogen to go to completion, because of the stability of the aromatic system.pka is approximately 45.
Preparation
Toluene occurs naturally at low levels in crude oil and is usually produced in the processes of making
gasoline via a
catalytic reforming, in an ethylene cracking (chemistry) or making
coke (fuel) from coal. Final separation (either via
distillation or solvent extraction) takes place in a
BTX plant.
Uses
Toluene is a common
solvent, able to dissolve:
paints, paint thinners, many
chemical reactants,
rubber, printing ink,
adhesives (glues),
lacquers,
leather tanning, and
disinfectants. It can also be used as a fullerene indicator, and is a raw material for Isocyanate (used in the manufacture of polyurethane foam) and trinitrotoluene. Industrial uses of toluene include dealkylation to benzene and disproportionation to a mixture of benzene and
xylene. When oxidized it yields benzaldehyde and benzoic acid, two important intermediates in chemistry. It is also used as a carbon source for making Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes. Toluene can be used to break open red blood cells in order to extract hemoglobin in biochemistry experiments.
Toluene can be used as an octane rating in gasoline fuels used in internal combustion engines. Toluene at 84% by volume, fueled all the turbo Formula 1 teams in the 1980s.
Toxicology and metabolism
Inhalation of toluene fumes can be intoxicating, but in larger doses nausea-inducing. Toluene may enter the human system not only through vapour inhalation from the liquid evaporation, but also following soil contamination events, where human contact with soil, ingestion of contaminated groundwater or soil vapour off-gassing can occur.
The toxicity of toluene can be explained mostly by its metabolism. As toluene has very low water solubility, it cannot exit the body via the normal routes (urine, feces, or sweat). It must be metabolized in order to be excreted. The methyl group of toluene is more easily oxidized by
cytochrome P450 than the benzene ring. Therefore, in the metabolism of toluene, 95% is oxidized to become
benzyl alcohol. The toxic metabolites are created by the remaining 5% that are oxidized to benzaldehyde and cresols. Most of the reactive products are detoxificationified by conjugation to
glutathione but the remainder may severely damage cells.
Toluene is mainly excreted as benzoic acid and
hippuric acid, both formed by further metabolic oxidation of benzyl alcohol.
See also
References
External links
- External solubility data
- Computational Chemistry Wiki
Toluene - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Toluene, also known as methylbenzene or phenylmethane, is a clear, water-insoluble liquid with the typical smell of paint thinners, redolent of the sweet smell of the related ...
toluene - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about toluene
Hutchinson encyclopedia article about toluene. toluene. Information about toluene in the Hutchinson encyclopedia. toluene diisocyanate
toluene - definition of toluene in the Medical dictionary - by the ...
Definition of toluene in the Medical Dictionary. toluene explanation. Information about toluene in Free online English dictionary. What is toluene? Meaning of toluene medical term.
Chemical Safety Data: Toluene
Chemical Safety Data: Toluene ... Common synonyms: Methylbenzene, phenylmethane: Formula: C 7 H 8: Physical properties
Category:Toluene - Wikimedia Commons
Media in category "Toluene" The following 29 files are in this category, out of 29 total.
ATSDR - ToxFAQs™: Toluene
Exposure to toluene occurs from breathing contaminated workplace air, in automobile exhaust, some consumer products paints, paint thinners, fingernail polish, lacquers, and ...
ATSDR - Toxic Substances - Toluene
The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) is an agency of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services charged under the Superfund Act to assess the presence ...
Safety (MSDS) data for toluene
Safety (MSDS) data for toluene ... Glossary of terms on this data sheet. The information on this web page is provided to help you to work safely, but it is intended to be an ...
Definition: toluene-4-monooxygenase from Online Medical Dictionary
The Online Medical Dictionary is a searchable dictionary of definitions from medicine, science and technology.
Definition: toluene from Online Medical Dictionary
The Online Medical Dictionary is a searchable dictionary of definitions from medicine, science and technology.
